注：
     写作的体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。
     听力部分包括对话（短、长）、短文（选择题型的测试理解）和复合式听写。
     快速阅读部分测试的是浏览阅读和查读能力。
     仔细阅读部分包括：选择题型的篇章理解；篇章层次的词汇理解或短句问答。
     翻译部分测试的是句子、短语或常用表达层次上的中译英能力。

     在答题过程中，考生必须在答题卡上作答，在试题册上作答无效。所有选择性试题务必用2B浓度的铅笔划线作答；所有非选择性试题（即写作、填空等）务必用黑色字迹签字笔作答。

基础语法梳理
一、词类
英语重要词类有名词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、介词
名词：
1． 主要做主语、宾语、表语、定语。分三类：普通名词、动作名词（sight和thought）、动名词；亦可分为普通名词、抽象名词、集体名词、专有名词
2． 考虑单复数、尤其特殊复数形式、可数与不可数名词、与冠词的关系：所有可数名词单数前须加a或the，要么有其他指示代词，如this或that。
3． 特殊名词，如学科类名词：maths, politics, statistics; 专有名词：the United Nations; 拼写特殊名词：series要视为单数。
4． 英语可数与不可数的概念不同，抽象名词多为不可数。常见不可数名词：news, information, advice, furniture, meat, bread, sand, water, paper；特殊的名词如fish和fruit
5． 不规则复数名词：woman, foot, datum, phenomenon, medium, bacterium
6． many, many a, few, a few, a number of, several修饰可数名词，much, little, a little, a great deal of, a large amount of修饰不可数名词，a lot of(=lots of)二者都可以修饰，a large sum of
7． 主语和谓语在人称和数的方面要一致。
8． a number of, the number of
9． 球类前面不用冠词，乐器前面必须用。
10．名词要关注后缀

动词：比较复杂，是难点和重点
1． 动词分为助动词、be动词、实义动词（及物与不及物）、情态动词，主要充当谓语。动作动词和状态动词
2． 助动词主要帮助构成否定或疑问，依据时态形式不一，如一般现在时的助动词是do和does，一般过去时是did，现在完成时是have和has，过去完成时是had，一般将来时是will和shall，过去将来时是would和should。
3． Be动词表示状态，主要是am、is、are（现在时）、were、was（过去时），但还有一些特殊be动词，如感觉动词feel、sound、smell、look、taste，状态动词seem、appear、remain。状态动词一般不用进行时，变化动词become、turn、get。
4． Be动词的进行时表示暂时的状态。对比下面句子：1）He is honest. 2）He is being honest.
5． 实义动词，顾名思义，指的是有实际意义的动词，也就是主动词。及物动词有宾语，可以使用被动语态；不及物动词不可直接带宾语，不可以使用被动语态:take place, happen。
6． 情态动词相当于助动词，重点在must和can（表推测）、need和dare可同时做实义动词。另外，过去式可用于虚拟语气中。
7． 谓语动词用单数的情况：非谓语、从句作主语；组织机构、国家名称、作品名称作主语；不定代词以及one every each either, neither作主语或修饰主语，谓语动词用单数；时间、距离、金钱、体积表示总量充当主语时，谓语用单数。
8． 及物动词的被动形式

形容词：表示状态和性质
1． 主要作表语、定语、宾补。
2． 形容词有三级比较：同级、比较级和最高级。最高级前加the。more不可与-er同时出现，most不可与-est同时出现。
3． 特殊形式：特殊变化需要记忆，如good, well, bad, little, far, many, much；而特殊结构更需要专门记忆，如not so…as, the more…the more, more…than
4． 极限形容词只有原级，没有比较级和最高级：unique，square，round，perfect
5． 特殊比较形容词：superior，inferior，senior，junior，prior，后用to表示比较
6． -ing形容词多用来修饰物，“令人……”，而-ed形容词用来指人。
7． a字母开头的形容词只作表语和宾补，不可作定语。
8． 拼写特殊形容词：clever，slender
9． 以-ly结尾的形容词：lovely, friendly, lonely, lively, leisurely, brotherly; daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, timely

副词：-ly
1． 副词位置灵活，可在句子不同位置，放在何处就强调该处。
2． 程度副词位置：放在助动词后，实义动词前，省略句时放在助动词的前面。
3． 副词修饰形容词、动词、副词，主要做状语，表示状态。
4． 特殊副词：that=so，but=only
5． too修饰形容词原级，very修饰形容词原级，much修饰比较级，very much修饰动词，far修饰比较级。too…to
6． too much后跟不可数名词，表示数量，much too后跟形容词，表示程度。
7．特殊副词：live, sharp, fast
8．if only和only if

连词：连接句子
1． 连词分并列连词和从属连词，前者引导并列句，后者引导复合句。
2． 并列连词：and、but、or、when和while，not only…but also, both…and, neither…nor, either…or
3． 从属连词有两种：名词性从句：that、what、which、who、whom、whose、as。状语性从句：时间when、as soon as、since、for、the moment(instant, minute)，条件if、unless、supposing, provided that、on condition that，方式as，目的so that、 in order that，结果so…that，比较than，原因because、since、as、for，让步although、though、as、while，虚拟lest, as if, as though
4． 两个独立句子之间必须有连词。that在主从、宾从、同位语、表从句中不做成分，在定从中要充当成分。

代词：
代词分人称代词、指示代词、不定代词
１． 人称代词主格：I, you, he, she, they, it
２． 人称代词宾格：me, you, him, her, them, it
３． 人称代词所有格：形容词性所有格：my, your, his, her, their, its名词性所有格：mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, its
４． 指示代词：this, that, these, those; the one=that, the ones=those
５． 不定代词：something, anything, everything, nothing, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody。不定代词放修饰的形容词前面。
６． 代词顺序：you, he and I
７． 反身代词的固定搭配：exert oneself to do sth., apply oneself to sth., beside oneself, enjoy oneself
８． a, an和one的区别
9．each other和one another; other和another
10．否定代词none和neither，放句首倒装

介词：多为固定搭配，须记忆。
二、句子成分和句型
1．英语的句子成分有：主语、谓语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语、表语。
2．基本句型有五种
1）主语+谓语+宾语
2）主语+系动词+表语
3）主语+谓语+双宾语
4）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
5）主语+谓语
The teacher took him to the zoo.(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋地点状语)
I will buy you a book. (主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
We made him our monitor. (主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补)
He is a doctor.（主语＋系动词表语）
3．自然语序和倒装语序。倒装句：全部倒装；部分倒装：否定词放句首；隐形否定词；三个代词放句首：so, neither, nor；虚拟倒装三形式
4．充当主语的是名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句，后三者一般视为单数。
5．充当谓语的是动词，分现在时、过去时、进行时、完成时、将来时。动词有第三人称单数变化、现在分词、过去式和过去分词的区分。如sing---sings---sang---sung---singing；注意特殊变化动词，如lie, hang, shine, found
6．充当宾语的是名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句。那些动词后要求动名词或不定式做宾语都是固定的。区分不定式宾补和动名词宾语。同一动词的宾语和宾补：allow, permit, let
常见需要动名词做宾语的动词：enjoy, finish, risk, appreciate, anticipate, deny, consider, allow, suggest, practice, avoid, stop, escape, mind, postpone, delay；考虑被动语态
7．所有介词后跟的宾语必须是名词、代词和动名词。
8．充当宾补的是名词、形容词和分词。如
People voted him President of the country.
I found him sleeping in bed.
The police saw the car abandoned.
9．做定语的是形容词、代词、分词和从句。单个形容词做定语放在修饰的词前，但放不定代词后，短语做定语放修饰词后。从句做定语为定语从句，放在修饰词的后面。
10．定语从句：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句；区分有二：有无逗号，前者为修饰限制，后者为补充说明。引导定从的连词叫关系代词和关系副词。前者有六个：that, which, who, whom, whose, as(such as, the same…as)，后者有三个：why, where, when
that和which的区别：人和物；使用that的情况：不定代词、形容词最高级、序数词、all和only。使用which的情况：非限定性定从，介词＋which，跟as的用法接近。
11．做状语的是介词短语（时间、地点、原因等）、分词短语、状语从句，位置灵活，不过一般置于句尾。重点在状语从句的连词。
12．充当表语的是名词、形容词和从句，放在be动词后面。
句子按照功用分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和虚拟句
1．陈述句用来叙述事实，可以肯定，也可以否定。
2．疑问句有四种：一般、特殊、选择和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句用yes或no来回答，助动词放在主语前。
特殊疑问句需要特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。
选择疑问句是两个一般疑问句中间用or连接，进行选择。
反意疑问句的前半部分是陈述句，后半部分是一般疑问句。前后相反。如
She doesn’t often go to the cinema, does she?
We have finished everything, haven’t we?
Let’s do the cleaning, shall we?
Clean the blackboard, will you?
3．祈使句表示命令和要求，主语you常省略，即动词原形在句首。
4．感叹句表示强烈的感情，由what或how+陈述句。what a+adj.+主语+谓语；How+adj.+a +主语+谓语
5．虚拟句就是虚拟语气
英语句子结构分四类：简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句
简单句：只有一个主语和谓语
并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起
复合句：一个主句+一个从句或两个以上的从句，中间用连词连接
并列复合句：两个复合句用并列连词连接
三、时态
1．时态要一致：现在和过去
2．时间和条件状语从句用一般现在时（一般过去时），主句用一般将来时（过去将来时）
3．动作动词的进行时表示将来，如leave, go, turn, get, become, grow
4．状态动词不用进行时
5．客观真理任何时候都用一般现在时
6．一般过去时、现在完成时和将来完成时的区分
四、语态
1．语态有主动语态和被动语态：发出就接受的关系。注意过去式和过去分词的不同，应正确拼写过去分词
2．被动语态表示：不知道动作的发出者、强调客观、句子结构的平衡
3．被动语态应结合时态和语气综合考虑，注意非谓语形式的被动语态。构成是be+过去分词
一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
一般过去时：was/were+过去分词
现在进行时：am/is/are+being+过去分词
过去进行时：was/were+being+过去分词
现在完成时：have/has+been+过去分词
过去完成时：had+been+过去分词
一般将来时：will be+过去分词
过去将来时：would+be+过去分词
4．不及物动词没有被动语态
5．动作的发出者由by引导
6．特殊被动语态：
情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词
短语动词应该视为一个整体来对待：The children are taken good care of by the teacher.
双宾语的被动语态：一个宾语变被动，一个保留
7．主动表示被动的情形：
The tall man is to blame.
The house is to let.
The house needs repairing.（=to be repaired）（request, demand,require）
8．被动表示主动的情形：
I’m occupied with my work.
He’s convinced he is right.
五、虚拟语气
1．与现在事实相反或在可预见的时间段内不可能发生的事情。
2．虚拟句无单数be动词，无现在时态，全部都是相应的过去时态。
虚拟三形式：(would, should, could, might)
现在情况的虚拟：If+主语+一般过去时，主语+would+动词原形
过去情况的虚拟：If+主语+过去完成时，主语+would+have+done
将来情况的虚拟：If+主语+一般过去式，主语+should+动词原形
3．虚拟倒装三形式：省略if，助动词提前。
Were+主语+表语，主语+would+动词原形。
Were I you, I would not come.
Had+主语+过去分词，主语+would+have+done。
Had I come earlier yesterday, I would have met him.
Should+主语+动词原形，主语+would+动词原形。
Should you come, you would come early tomorrow.
4．虚拟特殊形式：
1)wish后that从句用虚拟语气
2)would rather，had rather，would just as soon，had just as soon用did的形式
3)It is (about, high)time that用did的形式
4)以下三类词后的that从句用should+动词原形；需要注意虚拟被动（be done）
动词：demand, request, order, suggest, desire, require, move, propose, advise, recommend, prefer
名词：demand, order, suggestion, desire, requirement, motion, proposal, advice, recommendation
形容词：important, essential, necessary, imperative, advisable, , urgent, desirable, better
5)lest引导的从句用虚拟形式：即should＋动词原形
6)as if、as though和for fear that引导的从句
7)介词but for和without引导的短语
8)If only引导的从句
六、非谓语三形式
1．除了谓语之外，其他语法成分都可充当。
2．不定式主要作主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语言、目的状语和结果状语
3．分词主要作状语、宾补、定语
4．动名词主要作主语、宾语、表语
5．非谓语有时态和语态的变化。
不定式：to do, to have done, to be doing; to be done, to have been done
分词：doing, having done; being done, having been done
6．动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当。
7．有些动词必须用doing作宾语：enjoy, deny, avoid, suggest, escape, practice, anticipate, quit
8．有些动词用to do和doing作宾语，意义稍微有区别。不定式表示具体一次性动作，动名词表示抽象的长期性、反复性动作。like, start, begin, love, hate
有些差别比较大，比如remember, forget, regret, stop, try; require, request, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, postpone, practice, recall, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, face, include, stand, understand, forgive, keep
9．常见句型
There is no use (sense, point, good)in doing something
have difficulty  (trouble) in doing sth
have a hard time doing sth.(have time to do sth.)
spend time doing sth (spend money on sth)
feel like doing sth.
cannot help doing (cannot help but do)
It takes sb. time to do sth
10．allow, permit后可直接用doing作宾语，用to do作宾补。let
11．有些动词后必须用不定式作宾语，如want, wish, hope, order, learn, promise, plan, desire, agree, expect, intend, manage, fail, choose, care, mean, pretend, continue
12．不定式作宾补，如ask, tell, force, help, encourage, prefer, advise, expect, wish, persuade, want, invite, get, warn
13．省to不定式作宾补：make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel，变成被动语态时要加to。
14．动名词和现在分词的形式一样，都是doing，但前者强调名词的功能，后者强调动词的作用，表示正在发生的动作。
15．从时间关系上看，不定式to do多表示将来的动作，没有发生的事情，而现在分词doing表示正在发生的动作，过去分词done表示已经做完的动作。
16．尤其注意三者作宾补的区别。
I saw him entering the building.
I saw him enter the building.
I found the car stolen.
17．be about to do 表示将来的动作。
18．不定式的逻辑主语多用for来引导，表示性质的形容词可用of。
It is important for us to fulfill the task on time.
It is nice of you to give me so much help.
19．不及物动词的不定式须要有介词，有两种表达形式。
I have a house to live in. =I have a house in which to live.
20．现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成。
21. worth, worthy, worth-while的用法：都为adj., 意为"值得的"。
worth: be worth + n., 当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
worthy: be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
worth-while: be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
It is worthwhile for sb to do sth.
22. 动名词与不定式语义不同：
stop to do      stop doing
forget to do     forget doing
remember（regret）to do  remember（regret）doing
cease to do     cease doing
try to do      try doing
go on to do     go on doing
mean to do     mean doing
begin / start to do    begin / start doing
need to do                   need doing
23．分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
Arriving there, they found the boy sleeping.
2）先于主动词
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.（=as he had finished his homework, he went out.）
分词的语态：通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
He is the man giving you the money.(= who gave you…)
He is the man stopped by the car. (= who was stopped by…)
七、两大结构
1．独立主格结构：(With)+逻辑主语＋分词短语，句子
1）With可省略，逗号之前部分也可放在句子后面。
2）逻辑主语跟句子的主语必须是两个不同的人或物。
3）分词短语可以是现在或过去分词，根据发出或接受的动作来判断。
The task finished, we all went home.
对比：Having finished the task, we all went home.
2．强调结构: It is (was)＋被强调部分＋that从句
It was not until she arrived home that she remembered that she had an appointment with the dentist.
1）被强调部分可以是一个单词、短语或一个完整的句子
2）连词必须用that，不可用其他连词替代。
3）注意区分主语从句和强调结构，依据it和that从句的关系来确定。
八、各种从句
1．从句有两类：名词性从句、状语性从句
2．名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
1）主语从句（主语从句在动词谓语前，宾语从句在动词谓语后）
充当主语的简单句（that不充当成分）
That he is learned doesn’t mean that he is noble.
Which one is better is hard to define.
Whether he will come is not certain.
It充当形式主语的情况。
It is not certain whether he will come.
It doesn’t make sense that he is a scholar.
2）宾语从句（that不充当成分，what充当主语和宾语）
引导宾语从句的是动词、形容词和介词
3）定语从句
关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose, as，关系副词：when、where和why
都要充当成分。
限定性和非限定性定语从句。注意that、which的区别，who、whom、whose的区别
He that thinks his business is below him will be always above his business.
I pointed out the points which he missed in his article.
This is the house in which he lived several years ago.
I recognized the person who was standing in front of the house.
This is the man whom the police have been looking for.
The teacher took better care of the boy whose parents were working abroad.
This is the reason why I cannot come tomorrow.
The museum is the place where many rare collections are housed.
as 引导的定语从句多用在such as和the same as的限定性定从中，其他就是非限定性定从了，跟which的用法一样。
Such persons as you think are very common nowadays.
I have the same dress as you have.
That：不定代词、序数词、最高级、all、only、little
Which：非限定定从、介词+which
非限定定从可表示状语关系
Computers, which have many good points, cannot replace man in many aspects.
4）表语从句：be动词后的从句就是表语从句，that不充当成分。
5）同位语从句：作用同定语从句，但其先行词多为表示概念、事实类的名词，如fact, idea, concept, opinion等。
3．动词前为主语从句，be动词后为表语从句，实义动词后为宾语从句，名词后为定语从句。

状语从句：注意特殊连词
时间状语从句：表示各种时间关系，连接词有when, as, since, for, as soon as, directly, the moment, the instant, the minute, hardly(scarcely)…when, no sooner…than
Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang.
The moment I saw her, I knew I was wrong.
地点状语从句：表示地理位置，连接词有where
原因状语从句：表示原因，连接词有because, as, since, for, now that
Now that the children have grown up, you should allow them to have their way.
条件状语从句：表示前提条件，连接词有if, unless, provided that, on condition that, once; lest(虚拟条件), for fear that
I will go with you for the holiday provided that I’m not occupied.
方式状语从句：表示方式，连接词有as, as if, as though
She opened her mouth as if she wanted to say something.
结果状语从句：表示结果，连接词有so…that
He was so disappointed that he was at loss for words.
目的状语从句：表示目的，连接词有so that, in order that
I got up early this morning so that I could catch the first bus to the Church.
比较状语从句：表示二者关系，连接词有than
The result was far better than I had expected.
让步状语从句：表示退让关系，连接词有although, though, as, while
While I admitted we have many problems, I didn’t mean we couldn’t solve them.
九、一致关系
语法一致、意义一致、就近一致
1．名词单复数要一致
1）单数可数名词前须用a、the、this、that表示指代关系，复数可数名词后加-s或-es，前面可用some、few、a few、many、a number of、a lot of来修饰。注意名词复数的特殊形式
2）不可数名词没有复数形式，不加-s，修饰词为little、a little、much、a great deal of、a large amount of、a lot of等。
3）代词要和指定的名词在人称、性别和数上保持一致，区分人称代词的不同拼写形式，尤其是两种物主代词以及它们充当非谓语逻辑主语时的形式。
4）不定代词充当主语时，视为单数。
5）主谓一致，根据主语判断谓语的单复数：非谓语和从句充当主语视为单数，两个用and连接用复数（一个整体用单数），用or连接用单数。
6）定语从句的连词充当主语时，其谓语的数要和先行词保持一致。one of +复数名词
7）so, neither, nor用作代词时，前后句的谓语形式要一致。
8）意义一致指要根据意义判断单复数，这里主要指集体名词，其单数形式有时理解为单数，有时复数，如family, committee, government, congress, council, police, crowd, party, group.还有一些复数形式作主语，但是一个整体，也视为单数。
The police are looking for the criminal.
Ten dollars is not a large sum.
The United States is an advanced country.
9）就近一致指的是谓语要和靠近它的主语保持一致，多指there、here结构，还有either…or、neither…nor这样的并列句。
十、并列关系
并列连词连接的句子and, but or, while
both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor

语法百题训练
Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blanks:
1. A: “I hope you will be ready to leave on time. ”
  B: “don't worry. I'll be ready by the time the taxi       . ”
  A. arriving    B. arrives    C. will arrive    D. will have arrived
2. When I reached the peak, the sun       .
  A. shone    B. shines    C. has shone    D. was shining
3. The task force is supposed        .
  A. to be getting reinforced     B. that to be getting reinforced
  C. to being got reinforced      D. that been got reinforced
4. A new hypothesis        before it can be put into practice.
  A. must be tested  B. be tested    C. can be tested   D. to be tested
5. I don't think she meant         you.
  A. hurt    B. to hurt    C. hurting    D. be hurt
6. I keep fit         playing tennis every day.
  A. by     B. on     C. for     D. in
7. ___arrived ___ she started complaining.
  A. Hardly had he… when      B. Hardly he had... when
  C. He hardly ...than       D. Hardly had he... than
8. A:“       did she see the doctor?”
  B: “She saw the doctor twice a month.”
  A. How    B. How many times  C. How long    D. How often
9. __gone to sleep __ the telephone rang once more.
  A. No sooner he had... than     B. No sooner had he... when
  C. No sooner had he... than     D. No sooner he had... when
10. A: “What will you be doing in the summer?”
  B:        English in a high school.
  A. To learn    B. Learning   C. Will be learning  D. Will learn
11. Is this the first time you        Tokyo?
  A. have visited   B. would visit   C. visited    D. have been visiting
12. The information was later admitted        from unreliable sources.
  A. to be retrieved       B. to have been retrieved
  C. that it has been retrieved     D. that it was retrieved
13. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more sophisticated one, it requires that the child
      psychologically ready for the new idea.
  A. is     B. be     C. were     D. would be
14. John used to get up early,       ?
  A. used he    B. did he    C. didn't he    D. would be
15. Where are you going to have the TV set       ?
  A. repair    B. repairing    C. repaired    D. to repair
16. The business is risky. But               succeed, we would be prosperous.
A. should we  B. would be   C. might we   D. could we
17. Any boy        wants to succeed must work hard.
  A. whom    B. who     C. which    D. that
18. My brother is a good businessman,         I am not.
  A. who    B. whom    C. which    D. that
19.         that the voters approve the funds, we will have a new park in our town.
  A. Giving    B. Given    C. Supposing    D. Supposed
20. ___ I worked hard at school, I ___ this kind of work now.
  A. Had... wouldn't have done     B. Had.. wouldn't be doing
  C. If... wouldn't do       D. If... wouldn't be doing
21.A: Did you hear what she said?
  B: Well, I heard her say something, but I _____. So I did not catch her words exactly.
  A. would not listen B. was not listening  C. had not listened  D. shouldn’t listen
22. The discoveries made on the Mars were more than they _____.
  A. expected   B. would expect   C. should expect   D. had expected
23. Consequently, he _______to the grand reception.
  A. got invited  B. gets invited   C. invited    D. was to be invited
24. ________ today, he would be in for Easter by Sunday.
  A. Would he set off B. Was he setting off  C. Were he to set off D. If he sets off
25. Instead of _____ for help, we decided to work it out by ourselves.
  A. to ask    B. ask     C. asking    D. asked
26. The new bike is a great deal ______ the old one.
  A. as good as   B. good as    C. the better than   D. better than
27. You will receive a confirmation letter ______ us in a week.
  A. from    B. to     C. in     D. with
28. Whenever the professor explained something, she kept smiling and nodding her head from time  
to time ________understanding every word of his lecture.
A. as if    B. like     C. just like    D. as though she
29. I’ll leave him a note ______ he’ll know where we are.
  A. for     B. in that    C. in order    D. so that
30.If I tell them I’m ready to give evidence, they’ll get such a scare ___ they’ll drop the whole thing.
  A. so that    B. that     C. and     D. so
31. You ________things. You should be more careful.
  A. always lose   B. have been losing  C. were always losing D. are always losing
32. Every time he came to me, he ______ tell me he was busy.
  A. would    B. is going to   C. will     D. is to
33. I expect all the mails ______ delivered promptly.
  A. being   B. to be    C. having been   D. to have been
34. ________ allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.
  A. Not    B. Unless    C. Would not    D. Rather than
35. I had hoped that Rosemary ________ a lawyer, but she was not good at law.
  A. will become   B. become    C. would become   D. becomes
36. The apples are ______ fast in such hot weather.
  A. got rotting   B. getting rotting   C. got rotten    D. getting rotten
37. It was an agreement _________ the details could not be altered.
  A. whose    B. which    C. its     D. of which
38. The agency _________ we bought our tickets is bankrupt.
  A. from which   B. which    C. where    D. from whom
39. We all seemed afraid to say what was in our minds, ________ it might start trouble.
  A. in order that   B. so that    C. for fear that   D. in that
40. _______ he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
  A. A child as   B. A child that   C. Only child as   D. Child that
41. Before the liberation, peasants         the rights to cultivate their land.
A. deprived of  B. were deprived of  C. deprived from  D. were deprived from
42. He muffled his voice to avoid_____.
  A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified    D. being identified
43._____， I would call him in advance.
  A. Had I been you  B. I were you   C. Were I you   D. I had been you
44. The company encourages _____ uniforms.
  A. to wear    B. wears     C. wearing    D. have worn
45. What is _____ story you have ever heard？
  A. funnier    B. a funniest    C. the funnier   D. the funniest
46. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer.
  A. according as   B. according to   C. if     D. whether
47. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction.
  A. which    B. there     C. where    D. from it
48. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy.
  A. had    B. has     C. have     D. are
49. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat.
  A. were    B. was     C. is     D. are
50. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least.
  A. is…washed, to be washed     B. is…washed, to wash
  C. is…washed, to have washed     D. has…been washed, to be washed
51. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street.
  A. having been opened and closed    B. opened and closed
  C. being opened and closed     D. to be opened and closed
52. Most people enjoy _____.
  A. to flatter   B. to be flattered   C. flattering    D. being flattered
53. Congratulations on _____ to the university.
  A. having admitted  B. being admitted   C. admitting    D. have admitted
54. As we went ____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy.
  A. far     B. farther    C. further    D. farthest
55. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man.
  A. Although   B. With all    C. With     D. Because of
56. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day.
  A. in short    B. instead    C. anyhow    D. still
57. The factory was burned down last night; ___ many workmen were thrown out of employment.
  A. for this sake   B. on that account   C. in that case   D. unfortunately
58. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell.
  A. is     B. will be    C. are to be    D. are
59. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area.
  A. is     B. are     C. stand     D. appears
60. Radio ______ to communicate with ships at sea.
  A. first used   B. had first been used C. was first used  D. had first used
61. You are really incompetent! It ______ finished hours ago.
  A. should be   B. must be   C. must have   D. should have been
62. He was seen ______ the car at high speed on the highway.
  A. drive   B. to drive   C. driven    D. drives
63. The coffee was too hot ______ to drink.
  A. to him   B. of him    C. for him   D. on him
64. A: I'll pay you by cheque monthly.
  B: I'd rather you ______ me cash weekly.
  A. pay    B. will pay   C. are to pay   D. paid
65. Whatever you do and ______ you go, you can encounter pain.
  A. however   B. wherever   C. whenever   D. whichever
66. ___ was discussed before, copper is seldom used in its pure form except in the electrical industry.
  A. That   B. Which    C. What    D. As
67. ______ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.
  A. Except for  B. Except    C. Apart from   D. Beside
68. At the meeting some were in favor of my proposal; ______ were not.
  A. other   B. the other   C. the another   D. others
69. ______, it is quite easy to burn a hole in it with laser.
  A. Hard is as the diamond     B. Hard as the diamond is
  C. As hard the diamond is     D. Hard as is the diamond
70. The more complete telephone services become, ______.
  A. the demand of them the more grow  B. the more the demand for them grows
  C. the more grows the demand of them  D. the demand for them the more
71. Hardly had he begun to speak ______ the audience interrupted him.
    A. then   B. than    C. as    D. when
72. Please remind me of the appointment again tomorrow ______ I forget.
  A. in the case  B. in case    C. in the case of  D. in case of
73. We have been good friends ______ we met three years ago at a party.
  A. as    B. since    C. after    D. when
74. Let's work hard and pass the exams, ______ ?
  A. will we   B. don't we   C. shall we   D. aren't we
75. I'm a bit dubious        the idea of lending Jim my car.
A. with   B. about     C. at     D. for
76. A doctor by training            he was, he proved himself to be a greater writer.
A. though   B. since    C. as    D. if
77. The factory has turned out           this year as last year.
A. twice TV sets as many     B. TV sets twice as many
C. twice as many TV sets     D. TV sets as twice many
78. His father had promised to buy him a computer        he behaved himself.
A. in case   B. supposed   C. after    D. provided
79. In her time, Isadora Duncan was            today a liberated woman.
A. calling what we would     B. who would be calling
C. what we would call      D. she would call it
80. Given the opportunity, he            have become an outstanding cartoonist.
A. might well  B. as well    C. might as well  D. may well
81. He was always declining their invitations          ill health.
A. on the ground of B. by virtue of   C. by means of  D. on occasion of
82. John is _____ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.
A. no less   B. no more   C. not means of  D. no so
83. Here are some books by Agatha Christie. You can read       you like.
A. whatever one  B. whichever one  C. whose    D. what
84. Plants and animals flourish only         certain physical conditions are present.
A. until    B. while     C. when    D. unless
85. Scarcely had they settled in their seats in the theater         the curtain went up.
A. than    B. when    C. meanwhile   D. as soon as
86. Since they knew they would fail they thought they        quit (放弃).
A. as well   B. as well as   C. very well   D. might as well
87. There is         in telling him what happened because he is unconscious in hospital.
A. no way   B. no point   C. no case   D. no meaning
88. If only it         , I would have shown more initiative.
A. haven't been sold B. was not sold  C. hadn't been sold  D. were not sold
89. The two countries have been       conflict with each other since the beginning of the century.
A. on    B. at     C. onto    D. in
90. Talking about future career, I'd prefer to be a lawyer         a teacher.
A. than    B. to being    C. than to be   D. rather than be
Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words given:
91. It is recommended that a lawyer _____(be) present when you begin to negotiate the terms in thecontract.
92. If you favor ________(work)on night shift, you may sign up here.
93.He felt very ________(depress) when he heard the story.
94.Several strikers who ________(imprison) for demonstration were set free yesterday.
95.Mary negotiates __________ (skillfully) than her boss.
Fill in the blanks with the proper conjunctions:
96. He laughs best ___________ laughs last.
97.She is married to a man _________ she believes both makes a lot of money and loves her.
98. It was twenty years ago  _______ he was born in this shabby house along the seaside.
99.The patient was separated ________ he should spread his disease to other people.
100.         he has shortcomings, we all still like his company.