课程辅导说明
1、基本要求
英语二是自考本科阶段的必修课，英语程度相当于“大学英语教学大纲”规定的三级以上水平。
2、考核内容
（1）词汇：单词约4000个（2000个常用基本词汇），词组约800个。
（2）语法：包括三部分
a、词法：（1）各类词性的基本用法，如名词及其复数形式；冠词的基本用法；代词的形式及用法；形容词与副词的比较等级（同级、比较级和最高级）；常用介词及介词短语的用法；连词及其用法；动词及其基本形式（过去式和过去分词的不规则变化、基本时态、情态动词表推测）；（2）由基本词性引发出的各种语法现象，如被动语态；非谓语形式；虚拟语气的特殊形式。
b、句法：句子成分；句子形式（陈述句、虚拟句、祈使句）；句子类型（简单句、并列句、复合句）；各种名词性从句和状语性从句的种类及常用关联词；倒装句和强调句；独立主格结构。
c、构词法：派生法、合成法与转换法；常用前缀和后缀。
（3）阅读：掌握基本阅读技能，阅读并正确理解与课文难度相当的文章，回答文中相关问题，一般阅读速度为每分钟60词。
（4）汉译英：运用所学词汇和语法，将内容一般的汉语句子译成英语。要求译文基本符合英语表达习惯，语句通顺，无重大语法错误，单词拼写正确。
（5）英译汉：掌握英译汉的基本方法与技巧，能将与课文难度相仿的文章或者文章中的长难句译成汉语，要求理解正确，译文比较通顺。笔译速度为每小时200-300英语词。
3．指定教材
指定教材：《大学英语自学教程》（上、下册），高等教育出版社，高远主编
测试点梳理
一．词汇
词汇部分的测试内容包括词义相近、词义相反、词形相近、固定搭配（动词+介词或副词，介词+宾语），词性涉及到名词、动词、形容词、副词这些实词以及介词和连词等结构词。实词主要测试词语意义，结构词主要结合句法结构进行考察。
（一）测试类型
1．词义相近的词：英语中近义词很多，注意意义的微妙差异及不同的使用语域。
You will obtain much from the medicine.
A. advantage B. profit C. benefit D. value
I’m a lot of experience in my job.
A. accepting B. gaining C. receiving D. winning
I received a parcel but I refused to accept it.
2．词义相反的词：同一领域的词，意义相反，主要靠上下文的意义和逻辑关系来作出判断。
This drug was thought to be because it had serious side effects.
A. weak B. powerful C. harmless D. harmful
3．词形相近的词：外观相似，意义不同，用法不一样，有时相差万里，词语之间并无直接联系。
I a bookshop on my way to the railway station the other day.
A. past B. passes C. pass D. passed
Being twin sisters, Jane and Alice are extremely in appearance.
A. unlike B. like C. alike D. likely
What do you , tea or coffee?
A. infer B. refer C. defer D. prefer
（须注意prefer to do和 prefer …to …在用法和意义上的差异，以及prefer的虚拟用法。）
４．固定搭配：包括动词＋介词，动词＋副词和动词＋副词＋介词以及介词词组。
Our efforts were not made .
A. in vain B. in nature C. in reality D. in effect
He going to the doctor as long as he could.
A. put in B. put off C. put out D. put up
The bridge had been by floods and the fields are covered with water.
A. cleared up B. put away C. give away D. washed away
５．其它：
一般还是测试搭配，不过跟上面的情况不太一样（上面填上哪个语法似乎都可以，只是意义不同），而这种情况下从意义和搭配上只有一个是最佳的，有时单从意义上便可作出选择。
I don’t like him at all but I his bravery.
A. approve B. accept C. admire D. judge
Anne was so in the book that she he didn’t hear the knock..
A. absorbed B. dipped C. fixed D. hidden
No one can help her, not her friends.
A. even B. yet C. also D. quite
作这类题型，一般先从词义考虑，然后看一下是否有固定搭配。若采用二者还不能决定的话，就只能凭语感进行排除和选择。
（二．）扩大词汇量的方法
扩大词汇量的方法很多，可根据自己的实际情况选用不同的方法。但有一点必须注意的是，记忆单词必须有上下文才能取得最佳的记忆效果。
1．大量阅读
精读法，泛读法，半精读半泛读法。如果三种阅读法结合起来，效果会最佳。
2．联想法记忆单词
在有了相当词汇量积累的基础上，可以采用联想进行归类，把相关词类总结在一起。归类的标准可以根据词性、意义（近义、反义）等，这样举一反三，从一到多，可以迅速增加词汇量。
（1）．词性联想：从某一词类联想其它相关的词类。
courage –encourage -courageous- discouraged
（2）．词义联想
近义：intention（动机）, purpose（目的）, desire（愿望）, attempt（企图）, goal（目标）,
mirror（镜子）, reflection（反映、反省）, vision（眼界、视力）, picture（图片）, image（形象）, expand（扩展）,stretch（伸展）, spread（传播），imaginative（富有想象力的）, imaginable（可以想象的）, imaginary（想象出来的，虚构的）
反义：这类形容词较多，记形容词一般要记反义词。
a．不规则变化的adj以及常见相关反义词。
often- seldom, danger- safe import-export internal-external
b．加否定前缀的adj，如 ir, il, im, in, dis, un
irregular, illegal, impossible, disinterested, unnecessary
c．否定后缀（-less）的adj， careless
（3）．词形联想：
intend, extend, pretend, attend；stationary（adj静止的）, stationery（n文具）；
pray（v祈祷）, prey（n猎物、俘虏）
3．构词法
a．adj+分词构成另一形容词，作定语、表语和宾补
ill-fitting（不合身的） absent-minded（心不在焉的）
b．n+n构成另一名词
eye-witness（证人） ear-phone（耳机）
c．数字+单位构成形容词
three-year-old ten-minute-walk（走路10分钟）
4．前后缀法：主要指一些实词，加上前后缀可以改变词性和词义。
5．同一词作不同词性时的不同意义：build, bear, content
6．通过听力扩大词汇，也是一种很好的办法。听力也是有上下文语境的，可据此培养语感。
总之，记单词，要记词义（包括褒义和贬义）、词性、搭配和用法，这四方面缺一不可，尤其要注意词语在词性发生变化时是否产生新的含义。还要注意，词组的搭配并不是其中每个词意义的简单相加，不能从表面上理解特殊搭配的意义，要把短语看成一个整体部分进行理解。
二．语法结构
语法要点：时态、语态（被动语态）、语气（虚拟语气）、非谓语三形式、独立主格、情态动词表推测等。一般把时态、语态和语气结合起来进行测试。做题时，要从各个方面全面考虑。
各类词：连接词、形容词（同级比较）、副词的位置、代词的指称关系、介词等。
测试要点：测试要点分开来讲，但真正测试时，更多的是几种情况的结合考察。因此，掌握测试要点之后，要试着把不同部分结合起来考虑。
1． 时态
As soon as I the tools, I shall begin with the work.
A. have B. am having C. have had D. shall have
I guess the rain by tomorrow noon.
A. will be stopping B. will have stopped C. will stop D. will have been stopping
2．语态：首先要判断主语和谓语之间的关系是发出或是接受，再断定选用主动还是被动。
Two young tigers have just for the zoo.
A. be bought B. been buying C. bought D. been bought
I am not used to like that.
A. to being spoken B. to speak C. being spoken D. to speaking
3．虚拟语气：特殊形式和倒装结构
（1）一般形式：
a．与现在事实相反：If +主语+did（were）…，主语+ would （should, could, might）+动原
If I knew him well, I should speak to him about it myself.
b．与过去事实相反：If +主语+had done（been）…，主语+ would（should, could, might）+have done
If it had not been for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
c．对将来情况的假设或怀疑：If +主语+should do…，主语+ should（would, could, might）+动原
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
(2)倒装三形式：
Were +主语＋表语，主语+would do (be)
Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
Should +主语＋动词原形，主语+would do (have done)
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would inform you in advance.
Had +主语+过去分词，主语+would have done
Had it not for our teacher, we’d never been able to get over the difficulties.
但特别注意混合型的虚拟语气，（1）在前后句中，一句为陈述语气，而另一句为虚拟语气。或（2）前后句中虚拟的时态不一致。如
If he had worked harder, he would be a promising engineer now.
(3)特别注意wish +从句时采用虚拟，某些动词、名词和形容词后+that从句，从句时态采用动词原形的虚拟形式。此外，It is （about或high）time +从句，would rather，would just as soon +从句用一般过去时，同时还需注意虚拟被动式以及情态动词表虚拟与表推测的区别。
If the earth flat, the sun would rise and set at the same time for all people in all countries.
A. were B. is C. has been D. had been
Why are you so late? You here two hours ago!
A. need have been B. will have been C. ought have been D. should have been
It is necessary that the moving parts of the machine very often.
A. were oiled B. be oiled C. would be oiled D. had to be oiled
It is about time that we got started.
(4)lest, for fear that, in case引导的从句中，谓语用should(would, might, could)+v的形式
The film star wore dark glasses for fear that someone should recognize him.
(5)Whatever, whoever, however, whichever, no matter what(who, how)等强式连接词引导的从句，可用动词原形表示虚拟语气，主句用陈述语气。
Whatever the reason be, the facts can’t be altered.
However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight.
4．独立主格：with+逻辑主语+分词短语，注意跟分词短语做状语区分开，关键是逻辑主语。
The winter vacation over, he got down to his work again.
A. was B. were C. had been D. being
Such being the case, we had no choice but to return home.
Weather , the whole class decided to go outing.
A. permitted B. permitting C. being permitted D. permits
5．强调句式和结构
Oxygen does not burn, but it .
A. does help wood burning B. do help wood burn C. did help wood burning D. does help wood burn
It was in this house he was born eighty years ago.
A. that B. where C. in which D. what
Five hundred dollars will be granted to can find the bank robber.
A. that B. whomever C. whatever D. whoever
6．非谓语形式：不定式、分词和动名词，充当除谓语以外的所有成分，还有时态和语态的划分。
动词不定式：测试重点：不定式作宾语、宾补等。
一般构成：to do，to have done 被动形式：to be done， to have been done
动名词：测试重点：动名词作宾语。需记住常接动名词作宾语的动词，如enjoy，avoid，suggest， risk, deny, appreciate, consider, finish, allow, permit,等。一般构成：doing 和having done
分词：测试重点：分词作定语和宾补的形式。现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）
Young people often feel an urge to try before the age set by law.
A. a smoking B. smoke C. to smoke D. smoking
China and Japan are close neighbors only by a strip of water.
A. separating B. to separate C. separated D. to be separated
The child pretended what his parents were saying.
A. to be not listening to B. not to be listening to C. not listening to D. not listen to
He was seen the car at high speed on the highway。
A．driving B．to drive C．driven D．drives
７．倒装句：
全部倒装：毋需助动词，介词或副词置于句首。
部分倒装：需要助动词。比如，否定词放在句首，only放句首都要倒装。
“I’m not going to buy the book.”
“ .It’s too expensive.”
A. I don’t either B. Neither am I C. So am I D. I’m not, too
Little that the police are about to arrest him.
A. he is known B. did he know C. does he know D. is he known
8．各类词
（1）情态动词
You read that article if you don’t want to.
A. haven’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
（must和can表推测；need和dare可作实义动词；情态动词的反义疑问句。）
（2）连词：复合连词居多，主要是从属连词。掌握特殊介词。
Larry took a train from New York to California he could see the country.
A. after B. as C. such that D. so that
He was allowed to go swimming he kept near the other students.
A. for fear that B. unless C. but that D. on condition that
（3）形容词、副词比较级和形容词作表语。
Besides being expensive, the food tastes .
A. badly B. too much bad C. too badly D. bad
（注意一些不及物动词作系动词的情况，如sound, taste, feel, smell, look, prove, seem, appear等。还要注意在系动词和表语中间有副词时的用法，不要把该副词当作表语。）
The room is about in diameter as the hall.
A. one-third as large B. as one-third large C. as large one-third D. one-third large as
（4）介词：主要是介词固定搭配，需要通过各种途径加以理解和记忆。
Will you give an example support of your argument?
A. for B. to C. with D. in
（5）代词
London has a larger population than in the United Kingdom.
A. any city B. any cities C. any other city D. all other city
三．完形填空：
即Close test，目的是测试综合运用语言的能力。该项综合性强，又有相当难度。
完型填空注意事项：一选得快，二选得准。
四．阅读理解
（一）常见的测试题型为：
1．事实和细节题：可在文中直接找到，使用scanning和skimming的方法。
According to the passage, the best … is .
According to the writer, …mainly because .
Which of the following statements is (NOT) TRUE according to the passage?
The most likely cause of … was .
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
2．词汇题：根据上下文、全文信息或基本语法知识判断词汇或短语的意义，题式相对固定。
The phrase “…(in Paragraph 2, Line 3) most probably means .
In the sentence “…” , the term “…” means .
According to the passage, the underlined word “…” in Paragraph 1 means
3．逻辑推理题：根据文章内容和常识，理解上下文之间逻辑关系，并作出符合逻辑的判断。
It is suggested in the passage that .
From the passage, we can see that .
The author of the passage suggested that
4．作者观点题：引发出作者的观点和态度。
In writing this passage the writer’s purpose is to .
What’s the author’s attitude towards .
The tone of the passage is
5．中心思想题：掌握文章的主旨和大意，分析出文章的标题。
Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
The passage is mainly about .
The best title for this article would be .
The main idea of this passage is .
学习时，要从文章的深层次上加以把握，力争掌握其本质和精神，达到对文章的深层理解。
（二）阅读时应注意的问题
1．掌握一般阅读技巧：快速地从文中找到需要的信息。
2．培养对英语的语感，具有猜生词的能力。
3．平时学习时要培养良好是阅读习惯，克服不良阅读习惯
4．大量阅读，并针对测试题型有的放矢进行复习。
（三）阅读策略
1．带着问题去阅读，可以根据文后的五个问题，从文中寻求答案。
2．寻找主题句和结论句，掌握文章的中心和结论。
3．采用回读法，重读重要或较难的段落或句子
4．采用排除法进行选择，排除干扰项。可根据四个选项的内容，从文中逐个查找。
5．依靠常识或完全凭借猜测。
6．以其它题项为参照，进行分析和对比，从而得到答案。
五．翻译
翻译共分两部分，第一部分是汉译英单句翻译，第二部分是英译汉短文翻译。
１．翻译的标准：忠实和通顺
２．翻译的方法：直译和意译
３．翻译的步骤：理解、表达和校对
４．翻译的基本技巧：增词法、减词法、重复法、词类转换法、句型转换法、分句法等。
（一）汉译英
汉译英主要是测试单句的翻译，测试的五个句子多为主从复合句，包括名词性从句和各种状语性从句，测试的句型有陈述句、虚拟句、感叹句等。测试点还是词汇加结构。
做此类题应该首先把句子的结构搞清楚，形成一个大体的框架，一般顺序是：先列出主句，再判断是何种从句，选择合适的连接代词和副词。第二步，选词。选择的词语和习惯搭配一定要正确妥当，能忠实地传递出原文的意义和内涵。侧重固定结构和搭配的测试。
我把两星期前的你推荐给我的那本小说的书名给忘了。
I have forgotten the title of the novel which you recommended to me two weeks ago.
他刚到家就下起雨来。Hardly had he entered his house when it began to rain.
据记载，纸是两千年前首先在中国制造的。
It was recorded that paper was made first in China 2,000years ago.
你们搬进来以前，这所房子空了好几个月。
The house remained empty for several months until you moved in.
汉译英时应注意的几个问题：
1．译出地道的英文，避免出现Chinglish的句子。译文读起来不应生硬拗口。
2．务必搞清楚句中蕴涵的一样和内在逻辑关系，并结合时态、语态和语气进行分析。
3．注意测试的特殊结构和固定搭配，要在译文中体现出来。
4．没有拼写错误，无重大语法失误。
5．符合英文书写格式，开头第一个字母大写，专有名词大写，无标点符号错误。
6．不能把原文中的每个字都先译出来，然后再组织起来，这是不足取的。
7．一旦遇到不会拼写的词，可用近义词，但意义上不能出入太大，这样即使不太精确，也可接近些。翻译时，思维不要停留在某个单词上，要去积极寻找表达该意义的其它词语。
8．译后，一定要读一遍，看看译文是否通顺，意义是否符合逻辑，表达是否符合英语习惯。
（二）英译汉
是有上下文语境的翻译，必须兼顾到上下左右乃至全文的内容和信息。 |
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